説明
A kurgan (barrow, mound, tumulus, or tomb) is defined as a mound of earth (and/or pile of stones), often conical or hemispherical in shape, constructed over a burial chamber containing a single or multiple graves. Kurgans are not associated with specific climatic-vegetation zones, but most of them are located in the steppes (or their American equivalent, the prairies). Barrows in Europe (Eurasia) were built from the Eneolithic through the Bronze and Iron Ages up to the early Middle Ages. Most of them were attributed to nomadic peoples, as: Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians (Iron Age), and later: Huns, Bulgarians, Magyars, Polovtsians, Nogays and others. Kurgans provide evidence of migrations and wars conducted by nomadic or semi-sedentary peoples. The earliest information about the barrows on the north shore of the Black Sea was provided by Herodotus in "The Histories". Some sporadic information also comes from the late Middle Ages. Kurgans are some of the most characteristic features of the Ukrainian landscape. It is hard to imagine the history and landscape of Ukraine without barrows. Ukraine is referred to as "the land of kurgans" not without reason. The original number of kurgans in Ukraine is estimated at half a million, of which probably about 100 000 (according to other authors, 50 000 or 150 000) survive to this day. The barrows were destroyed because they disturbed the large-scale agriculture. On the other hand, those that survived (usually larger) became difficult to access among the great fields. Their flora persisted, but there was a problem of its isolation. Contemporary research (2004-2012) has shown the great importance of kurgans in preserving biodiversity. The examined barrows were spread over an area of approximately 32,000 km2 in Kherson, Mykolaiv, Poltava, Cherkasy, Kirovograd regions. Of the approximately 500 visited kurgans we chosen 106 with the most interesting flora. The kurgan flora database includes 719 vascular flora taxa (Some species were identifed only to genus 3, species 711, subspecies 5) collected on 106 examined barrows. The total number occurrences is 28,456. Among the recorded species are numerous protected species and taxa listed in the Red Data Book of Plants of Ukraine (2009). The burial mounds should therefore be particularly protected, not only as a monument of archeology, but also because of their natural values.
データ レコード
この オカレンス(観察データと標本) リソース内のデータは、1 つまたは複数のデータ テーブルとして生物多様性データを共有するための標準化された形式であるダーウィン コア アーカイブ (DwC-A) として公開されています。 コア データ テーブルには、28,456 レコードが含まれています。
この IPT はデータをアーカイブし、データ リポジトリとして機能します。データとリソースのメタデータは、 ダウンロード セクションからダウンロードできます。 バージョン テーブルから公開可能な他のバージョンを閲覧でき、リソースに加えられた変更を知ることができます。
バージョン
次の表は、公にアクセス可能な公開バージョンのリソースのみ表示しています。
引用方法
研究者はこの研究内容を以下のように引用する必要があります。:
Moysiyenko I, Sudnik-Wójcikowska B, Dembicz I, Zachwatowicz M, Skobel N (2023): Flora of kurgans in the "Wild Fields" (Ukraine). v1.3. Kherson State University. Dataset/Occurrence. https://ukraine.ipt.gbif.no/resource?r=ukrainian_kurgans&v=1.3
権利
研究者は権利に関する下記ステートメントを尊重する必要があります。:
パブリッシャーとライセンス保持者権利者は Kherson State University。 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) License.
GBIF登録
このリソースをはGBIF と登録されており GBIF UUID: 59846cac-c4fd-4fde-bf45-5fe23d36f68fが割り当てられています。 Participant Node Managers Committee によって承認されたデータ パブリッシャーとして GBIF に登録されているKherson State University が、このリソースをパブリッシュしました。
キーワード
occurrences; observation; kurgans` flora; barrows; refugia of steppe flora; floristic diversity; Pontic desert steppe; west Pontic grass steppe; herb-grass steppe; herb-rich grass steppe; forest steppe; protection of kurgans; Kherson; Mykolaiv; Poltava; Cherkasy; Kirovograd region; Ukraine.; Observation
連絡先
- メタデータ提供者 ●
- 最初のデータ採集者 ●
- 連絡先
- メタデータ提供者 ●
- 最初のデータ採集者
- メタデータ提供者 ●
- 最初のデータ採集者
- メタデータ提供者 ●
- 最初のデータ採集者
- 連絡先
- 連絡先
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- 編集者
- Custodiansteward(保管者)
地理的範囲
The study covered a large area of southern and central Ukraine (about 32 000 km2), within the Kherson, Mykolaiv, Kirovograd, Cherkasy and Poltava regions. This area contains more kurgans than anywhere else in Europe, although they vary in their history, origin, degree of isolation and the intensity of anthropogenic factors. The area is diverse in terms of climate, soil and history of use. It is located in the Black Sea Lowland and Dnieper Upland, within the Kherson, Mykolaiv, Kirovograd, Cherkasy and Poltava regions in four climatic-vegetation zones The amount of rainfall gradually increases from south to north and the annual temperatures decrease. Hence, the characteristics of the steppes change in the following zones (Bohn et al. 2000): the west and central Pontic desert steppe zone (desert steppe). The steppe occupies a narrow strip along the coast of the Black and Azov seas. The average rainfall here does not exceed 300 mm per year. Chestnut soils predominate in the complex with solonchaks. Most of the vegetation is dominated by clump grasses (Stipa, Festuca, Agropyron), numerous species of the genus Artemisia and halophytes (mainly Amaranthaceae: Camphorosma, Salicornia, Bassia, Suaeda, Salsola). Due to its salinity, the area is partly closed for use or used mainly as pastures. the west Pontic grass steppe (= proper steppe) - located to the north of the desert steppe. Together with the next zone, it covers a strip 50 to 300 km wide. The ground is fertile here - dark chestnut soils predominate, passing northwards in southern chernozems with a thick layer of humus. Average annual rainfall ranges from 300 mm in the south to 400 mm in the north. Clump grasses of the genera Stipa, Festuca and Koeleria dominate. the west and central Pontic herb-rich grass steppe - with increasing rainfall (up to 450 mm per year) and soil fertility, in plant communities the share of dicotyledonous perennials and creeping grasses is growing. This type of steppe (as well as proper steppe) is mostly plowed, even in 95%, and has survived only on small areas, the least useful for agriculture, e.g. in the balkas, in river valleys, in places of granite or limestone outcrops. the forest steppe – reaches the farthest north, where the average annual rainfall is 450–750 mm. The humidity is close to the optimum. On fertile soils (black earths, rendzinas, gray forest soils) has developed, a macromosaic of forests, mainly thermophilic deciduous and very rich in species flowering (meadow) steppe. Forest steppe, like the two above-mentioned ones, is very intensively used for agriculture.
座標(緯度経度) | 南 西 [46.134, 26.851], 北 東 [50.205, 38.32] |
---|
生物分類学的範囲
The kurgan flora database includes 719 vascular flora taxa (Some species were identifed only to genus 3, species 711, subspecies 5)
Kingdom | Plantae |
---|
時間的範囲
開始日 / 終了日 | 2004-01-01 / 2009-01-01 |
---|
プロジェクトデータ
In collaboration with the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (FinBIF) and Pensoft Publishers, GBIF has announced a new call for authors to submit and publish data papers on Northern Eurasia in a special collection of Biodiversity Data Journal (BDJ). The fieldwork for data collection was organised and funded by the Project: 1. „Kurgans as a refuge of steppe flora in the agricultural landscape of southern Ukraine” (2004-2007). Project of Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 2 PO4G 046 27 and by the Project: 2. „Kurgans as centers of floristic diversity requiring special protection in the anthropogenic landscape in the zone of steppes and forest steppe of southern Ukraine” (2008-2011).Project of Ministry of Science and Higher Education: N N 304 081835. The work of I.I. (data processing and publication) was supported by the Project: 3. “Impact of war on cultural heritage sites as refugia of biological diversity D596”. Project: 1. We conducted floristic research in kurgans in the south of Ukraine, in 2004-2007, 3 times during the growing season, in two climatic-vegetation zones: the desert steppe zone and the west Pontic grass steppe zone. After initial exploration, we chose about 30 barrows in each zone (well preserved kurgans, high more than 3 m, with species of steppe grasses: genus Stipa, Koeleria, Festuca). At each barrows, we took into account the flora of 5 microhabitats. We showed that the flora within the kurgans varies in microhabitats. We analyzed in detail the floristic lists (the share of species protected by law and included in the "Red Book of Plants of Ukraine" (2009), as well as synanthropic species), and we confirmed the hypothesis that kurgans could play an important role in providing refuge for the steppe flora. Project: 2.We continued floristic research on kurgans in 2008-2012, in accordance with the methodology proposed in the above project, in two subsequent climatic-vegetation zones of Ukraine: in the Pontic herb (-rich) grass steppe zone and in the forest steppe zone. We have analyzed the floristic lists in detail. We confirmed the value of the steppe flora on the barrows. We paid attention to the role of kurgans in the process of steppes restoration, e.g. in „protective steppe belts” established among the great Ukrainian fields. Project: 3. Ukraine has a large number of cultural heritage sites, a significant part of which has a high environmental value. The most numerous among them are kurgans (burials in the form of earthen hills), of which there are 100-150 thousand in Ukraine according to various estimates [Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Moysiyenko, 2012]. The historical value of kurgans and other objects of cultural heritage is well known, while their natural component remained practically unexplored for a long time. Our research has shown that cultural heritage sites are important hotspots for the preservation of biological diversity [Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Moysiyenko, 2012]. With the beginning of war, damage to cultural heritage sites became much more intense. In particular, kurgans are a convenient place for locating observation posts, ambushes, combat positions, etc. Therefore, today we record facts about the damage to many objects of cultural heritage, both during the placement of military objects there and combat operations.
タイトル | Northern Eurasia 2022 |
---|---|
識別子 | N-Eurasia-2022 |
ファンデイング | Poland: Ministry of Science and Higher Education (The Scientific Research Committee) ul. Hoża 20 lub ul. Wspólna 1/3 00-529 Warszawa tel.: 22 52 92 718 fax: 22 50 17 865 e-mail:sekretariat.bm@nauka.gov.pl The Institute for Human Sciences (IWM) Spittelauer Lände 3 1090 Wien Austria Tel.: (+43 1) 313 58 – 0 Fax: (+43 1) 313 58 – 60 e-mail: iwm[at]iwm.at |
Study Area Description | Project: 1. The desert steppe zone of southern Ukraine: The survey was carried out in the southern part of the Black Sea Lowland and the south-western part of the Kherson Region (Gola Prystan and western part of Skadovsk districts), in the weakly structured plains along the northern coast of the Black Sea. The study area was bounded on the north by Dniprovskyi Lyman, on the west by Jahorlytskyi Bay, on the south by Tendra Bay and on the east by the road leading from Gola Prystan to Lazurne. Twenty-six investigated kurgans were located over an area estimated at around 1500 km2. The west Pontic grass steppe zone of southern Ukraine. The survey was carried out in the central part of the Black Sea Lowland and the western part of the Kherson Region in the districts: Bilozerka, Beryslav, Novovorontsovka (on the right bank of the Dnieper) and Gornostaivka (on the left bank of the river). Twenty-six investigated kurgans were distributed over an area of about 5280 km2, extending approximately 150 km from the south-west to the north-east, mainly along the right bank of the Dnieper River, from the village of Tomyna Balka to Zolota Balka). The Pontic herb(-rich) grass steppe zone in Ukraine (according to Bohn 2000. Map of the natural vegetation of Europe: M5 – the west and central Pontic herb-grass steppe zone and M1 – the west and central Pontic herb-rich grass steppe zone). The area surveyed is located in the southern part of Dnieper Highland, in the Mykolaiv (Voznesens`k, Domanivka, Arbuzynka, Pervomays’k districts) and Kirovograd regions (Kompaniivka, Oleksandriyka, Onufriivka districts). Twenty-nine kurgans distributed over an area approx. 9000 km2, were surveyed. The results of study of floristic diversity of kurgans are presented. Project: 2. The Pontic herb(-rich) grass steppe zone in Ukraine (see above) - continuation of the research project: „Kurgans as a refuge of steppe flora in the agricultural landscape of southern Ukraine”. The forest steppe zone in Ukraine. The results of study of floristic diversity of kurgans in the forest steppe zone in Poltava, Cherkasy and Kirovograd regions were presented. Twenty-five kurgans distributed over an area approx. 12 092 km2, were surveyed. Project: 3.Include territories hole Ukraine, especially, the territory where active hostilities are taking place, or which is under occupation. |
研究の意図、目的、背景など(デザイン) | Research issues of the two above-mentioned projects (2004-2007 and 2008-2012) concerning the kurgan flora, is complementary and the area where the studied barrows were located covers part of the steppe and forest steppe zones of Ukraine (approximately 32,000 km2). The most important results: - Evaluation of the floristic value of barrows: among the 721 recorded species there are 69 sozophytes (protected, rare, endangered species, listed in the "Red Book of Plants of Ukraine” (2009) and in local red books). - Determination of the composition and structure of the contemporary flora of kurgans. The richness and diversity of flora indicate that the barrows stand out from the surroundings (usually vast, floristically uninteresting fields) and constitute micro-centers of biological diversity in the monotonous landscape. - Demonstration of the diversified microhabitat flora of kurgans (differences depending on the side of the world and the height of the barrow). - Determination of the spectra of life forms in kurgan flora in four subsequent climatic-vegetation zones - confirmation that zonal features are reflected in the flora of the barrows. - Assessment of anthropogenic impacts on barrows. Kurgans in zones differ in species richness, but the spectrum of groups of synanthropic species is similar. Practical significance of the obtained results: - evaluation of the natural value of the kurgans; - identification of threats to the plant cover of barrows; - evaluation of the potential role of kurgans in the process of steppe restitution; - drawing attention to the problem of isolation of the barrows flora, the existence and survival chances of a metapopulation of rare species. Ad. project: Impact of war on cultural heritage sites as refugia of biological diversity. The specificity of this project is that it will be documented first of all the damage done to nature on the objects of cultural heritage, while specialists in the protection of cultural monuments usually do not document it. The implementation of the project will be carried out by performing the datasets of the flora of cultural heritage objects (kurgans, ancient settlements, old parks) will be prepared and published, based on previous research, in the GBIF database of open data on biological diversity, similar to how we published the dataset dedicated to the biodiversity of old cemeteries (https://www.gbif.org/ru/dataset/4f5a8595-6bda-4a3b-9d07-c0cdc38ffdef). In total, it is planned to publish more than 30,000 facts about the distribution of species at these sites. These publications will document the high conservation value of cultural heritage sites and thus increase their protection. |
プロジェクトに携わる要員:
収集方法
We assumed that the flora of 25-29 well-preserved barrows would be representative of each of the distinguished zones. They were more or less evenly distributed in the zones of steppe and forest steppe. For each kurgans was provided identification number depending on the location. a) the west and central Pontic desert steppe zone: D1-D26 b) the west Pontic grass steppe (= proper steppe): P1-P26 c) the west and central Pontic herb-rich grass steppe: R1-R29 d) the forest steppe: F1-F25 We examined each kurgans at least 3 times during the growing season (spring, summer and autumn). Each of the 106 examined kurgans was divided into 5 microhabitats (T – the top of the barrow, Ss – the southern slope, Sn – the northern slope, Bs – the southern foot, Bn – the northern foot). We determined the abundance of individual species in each of the microhabitats according to a simple 3-point scale (rare, fairly frequent, common species). A separate floristic list was prepared for each microhabitat. Finally, we had 721 species lists (Moysiyenko, Sudnik-Wójcikowska 2006, 2009, Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Moysiyenko 2006, 2010). The lists were subject to further analysis (Moysiyenko, Sudnik-Wójcikowska 2006a, 2008a, 2008b, 2010, Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Moysiyenko 2008a, 2008b, 2011a, 2011b, 2012). We filled out special forms for the flora inventory. Species of plants that could not be identified in nature were collected in the herbarium. The identification of vascular plant species was held with morphological methods at the field and in the Kherson State University Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection.
Study Extent | The study area is located within 4 zones: 3 zones of steppe and forest steppe. Administratively, the area is located in the following regions of Ukraine: Kherson, Mykolaiv, Poltava, Cherkasy, Kropyvnytskyi (former Kirovograd). The examined barrows were spread over an area of approximately 32000 km2. The research of kurgan’s flora was carried out for 6 years, over 6-8 weeks (2-3 times) in the growing seasons 2004-2009, successively in each of the steppe and forest-steppe zones: a) the west and central Pontic (= desert steppe) zone: 2004- 2006; b) the west Pontic grass steppe (= proper steppe): 2004-2006; c) the west and central Pontic herb-rich grass steppe: 2006-2009; d) the forest steppe: 2006-2009. From among 450 kurgans, 106 the most floristically valuable were selected. The selected mounds had to meet certain criteria (height over 3 m, in a relatively good state of preservation, and with the presence of steppe vegetation and flora, especially tufted grasses from the genera Stipa, Festuca, Koeleria, and Bothriochloa (further north). A complete inventory of the flora of vascular plants was carried out on the selected mounds. |
---|---|
Quality Control | The collected materials were verified in Herbarium of Kherson State University (KHER), Herbarium of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Warsaw (WA) and herbarium in Paczoski Museum in Kherson. Consultation in verification: M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Documentation in the form of herbarium specimens has been deposited in above-mentioned university herbaria (more than 400 herbarium sheets in KHER, about 200 - in WA). For quality control of data set we were used OpenRefine. |
Method step description:
- The study of vascular plant flora of kurgans in Southern Ukraine was carried out for 6 years. A total of 106 burial mounds were investigated, which are located in 4 zones: a) the west and central Pontic (= desert steppe) zone: 2004- 2006; b) the west Pontic grass steppe (= proper steppe): 2004-2006; c) the west and central Pontic herb-rich grass steppe: 2006-2009; d) the forest steppe: 2006-2009.
- We examined each kurgans at least 3 times during the growing season (spring, summer and autumn). Each of the 106 examined kurgans was divided into 5 microhabitats (T – the top of the barrow, Ss – the southern slope, Sn – the northern slope, Bs – the southern foot, Bn – the northern foot).
- We determined the abundance of individual species in each of the microhabitats according to a simple 3-point scale (1 - rare, 2 - fairly frequent, 3- common species).
コレクションデータ
コレクション名 | Herbarium of Kherson State University (KHER) |
---|
コレクション名 | Herbarium of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Warsaw (WA) |
---|
コレクション名 | Herbarium in Paczovski Museum in Kherson |
---|
標本保存方法 | Dried and pressed |
---|
書誌情報の引用
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2006. The flora of kurgans in the desert steppe zone of southern Ukraine. Chornomor. Bot. Journ. 2.1: 5-35 http://cbj.kspu.edu/images/PDF/2012tom8/2.pdf
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2006a. The flora of kurgans in the steppe zone of southern Ukraine - phytogeographical and ecological aspects. Polish Bot. Studies 22: 387-398 http://ekhsuir.kspu.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/2855/mojs_PBS_2006.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2008a. Sozofity u flori kurganiv - refugiumiv stepovoi flori na pivdni Ukrainii. [Sozophytes in flora of kurgans - refugia of steppe flora in southern Ukraine]. Zapovidna Sprava v Ukraini [Nature Reserves in Ukraine] 14.1: 16-24. http://aetos.kiev.ua/zsu/zsu14-1/zsu14-1-6.pdf
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2008b. Kurgani - refugium stepovogo raslinnogo pokrivu b agrolanschafti pivdnia Ukrainy. Ekol. Zhurnal Zhiva Ukraina 1-2: 16-20.
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2009. Flora of kurgans in the Pontic herb(-rich) grass steppe zone in Ukraine. Chornomor. Bot. Journ. 5.3: 333-369. http://cbj.kspu.edu/images/PDF/2012tom8/10.pdf
- Moysiyenko I.I., Sudnik-Wójcikowska B. 2010. Kurgans in Ukraine as a refuge of steppe flora. Bull. Eur. Dry Grassl., Group IAVS 6: 6-10. https://edgg.org/publ/bulletin/Bulletin_EDGG_06.pdf
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. 2006. The flora of kurgans in the west Pontic grass steppe zone of southern Ukraine. Chornomor. Bot. Journ. 2.2: 14-44. http://cbj.kspu.edu/images/PDF/2012tom8/3.pdf
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. 2008a. The synanthropic flora of kurgans within three steppe zones in southern Ukraine. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 11-12: 41-48. http://brc.amu.edu.pl/The-synanthropic-flora-of-kurgans-within-three-steppe-zones-in-southern-Ukraine,121643,0,2.html
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. 2008b. The floristic differentiation of microhabitats within kurgans in the desert steppe zone of southern Ukraine. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 77.2: 139-147. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.018
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. 2010. Flora of kurgans in the forest steppe zone in Ukraine. Chornomor. Bot. Journ. 6.2: 162-199 http://cbj.kspu.edu/images/PDF/2012tom8/14.pdf
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. 2011a. Zonal character of the flora of kurgans in central and southern Ukraine. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 17: 47-52. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10119-010-0002-6
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. Zachwatowicz M. 2011b. The value and need for protection of kurgan flora in the anthropogenic landscape of steppe zone in Ukraine. Plant Biosystems 145.3: 638-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.601335.
- Sudnik-Wójcikowska B., Moysiyenko I.I. (with I. Dembicz, H. Galera, A. Rowińska, M. Zachwatowicz). 2012. Kurhany na „Dzikich Polach” – dziedzictwo kultury i ostoja ukraińskiego stepu. [Kurgans in the ‘Wild Field’ – a cultural heritage and refugium of the Ukrainian steppe] [Kurgani “Dikogo polia” – kulturna spadshchina i prikhistok ukrainskogo stepu]. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, pp. 194 + CD. https://wuw.pl/data/include/cms/Kurhany_na_Dzikich_Polach_Sudnik-Wojcikowska_Barbara_Moysiyenko_Ivan_2012.pdf
追加のメタデータ
Our research was supported projects about data capture occurrences from nature („Kurgans as a refuge of steppe flora in the agricultural landscape of southern Ukraine” 2 PO4G 046 27 (2004-2007) and „Kurgans as centers of floristic diversity requiring special protection in the anthropogenic landscape in the zone of steppes and forest steppe of southern Ukraine” N N 304 081835 (2008-2011) and data publishing (“Impact of war on cultural heritage sites as refugia of biological diversity D596”) Dataset was prepared in collaboration with University of Warsaw (Contract of employment BSP-NN-10757/22) We also grateful "Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (FinBIF)" for call for authors in project “Northern Eurasia 2022”
目的 | Barrows as the objects of value of material culture were recognized quite early, while almost no attention was paid to their importance as natural sites. A surprisingly small number of publications exists on the subject of their plant cover (one of the few: Paczoski 1914). At present, there has been a growing interest in kurgans. Naturalists are looking for arguments for the need to protect them. Our long-term floristic survey serves this purpose. The floristic data, collected on the kurgans were compiled into a database. We used the database to achieve the following goals: 1) to characterize the total flora of the barrows; 2) to compare the flora of microhabitats within the kurgans; 3) to present the similarity of flora of the kurgans and the flora of the climatic-vegetation zones in which the barrows are located; 4) to highlighte the most valuable species (legally protected or listed in the Red Data Book of Plants of Ukraine 2009); 5) to emphasize the role of kurgans in the process of restitution of the steppes - the most damaged biome in the world. |
---|---|
代替識別子 | 59846cac-c4fd-4fde-bf45-5fe23d36f68f |
https://ukraine.ipt.gbif.no/resource?r=ukrainian_kurgans |